Cell adhesion in bone grafts associated to nanotechnology: a systematic review

Resumo

Tissue engineering aims at the development of biological
substitutes that can restore, maintain, or improve the functionality
of damaged tissue or organs. To this end, molecular and cellular
interactions may influence the tissue reactions to biomaterials. In
order to be effective and integrated to the receiving area, the bone
graft is required to allow a strong cell adhesion, interacting with
several molecules to induce migration, differentiation, and thus the
mineralization of the new bone on the graft. These cell adhesion
molecules (CAM) will mediate the contact between two cells or
between cells and the extracellular matrix, an essential process to
the success of the implant. Objective: This paper is a systematic
review of the literature on the mechanisms of cell adhesion to bone
grafts associated to nanotechnology, describing the importance
and the role of those molecules in the adhesion and thus in tissue
regeneration. Literature review: After the use of search strategies,
18 articles that describe processes of cell adhesion to bone grafts
were selected. Results: The main reported mechanisms involve cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix components.
Conclusion: Several molecules are involved in the process of cell
adhesion to bone grafts, highlighting the role of integrins, the focal
adhesion mechanism, the influence of the collagen matrix, and the
activity of alkaline phosphatase in bone matrix formation. Accurate
identification of these mechanisms of cell adhesion is essential for
further advancement in tissue engineering, such as the production of
biological bone substitutes that achieve a better clinical outcome.